Development
Model energy codes are developed nationally through processes facilitated by the International Code Council (ICC) for residential, which produces the IECC, or ASHRAE for commercial, which develops Standard 90.1. These codes and standards are updated every three years by various committees comprised of technical researchers, code officials, developers, builders, designers, and others. Throughout these processes, stakeholders submit code change proposals, and committee members weigh each proposal's merits and ultimately vote to accept, reject, or modify. Successful code change proposals are then incorporated into a final code or standard, approved by ICC or ASHRAE, and analyzed by DOE.
Adoption
Although the model codes are developed nationally, the United States does not have a national energy code or standard. Energy codes are adopted at the state and local jurisdiction levels, and in most cases, are part of a broader set of codes addressing building, fire, electrical, and other aspects of the built environment. Adoption can occur by legislative action (e.g., Nebraska, New Hampshire) or through regulatory agencies authorized by a legislative body. Once adopted, the code becomes law within a particular state or local jurisdiction in the case of home rule states. This framework creates a patchwork of energy codes across the country, as seen in the Status of State Energy Code Adoption.
Implementation and Compliance
Adopting energy codes is important, but complying with codes is essential to ensure optimal energy efficiency, resiliency, and health benefits. Regardless of how energy codes are adopted (state or local level), energy codes are implemented by local jurisdictions. Unless state law exempts a jurisdiction based on size or other factors, local jurisdictions are typically responsible for establishing an energy code inspection and verification program to ensure that buildings being constructed or renovated comply with the energy code. This is essential to realizing the full benefits associated with building energy codes. Establishing and maintaining mechanisms to ensure energy code compliance is critical to achieving greater energy and economic goals. Effective compliance and enforcement unlock deeper energy savings, reduced costs, higher building resale value, and minimized environmental impact.